The Use of Symbols to Ensure Confidential Communication :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Since the industrial revolution, communications technology has improved at an alarming rate. From the invention of the printing press to the rapidly expanding internet, it becomes easier to communicate with others every day. One downfall of this revolution is that it is much more difficult to keep confidential papers documents secure. In such a volatile environment a document can be stolen, scanned, and sent to the rest of the world within a span of five minutes. Once a person gets a hold of this information they can read it if it is in their own language or get it translated if it is in a foreign language. If a picture, symbol, or badge, is exploited in the same manner through the internet, it will not have such a crippling effect. Although viewers will be able to see the illustration, they will only derive from it whatever values or characteristics they associate the symbols with. However, the people who are affiliated with the image derive more important facts from it. The y might associate the illustration with historical meaning, personal stories, or how the image was created. Literate means of communication are imply universal understanding while symbols have the ability to convey different levels of meaning and comprehension to different groups of viewers. This dichotomy creates different niches for literate and visual means of communication to be used in. If material is meant to be understood universally and to convey the same meaning to all viewers than literate means of communication should be employed. If certain details are to be communicated to a select group of individuals, then symbols are a more effective way of ensuring secrecy. Symbols indicate the need for communication and yet conceal the details and innermost aspects of its contents (Religious). Unlike literature, symbols can be associated with various tangible or intangible objects to different people. This is because symbols are not comprehensible to the general public. I propose that symbols have four different levels of understanding while literate means on communication can only convey one level. The deeper connections associated with symbols cause informed viewers to experience a wide array of emotions when they see a symbol they are affiliated with. Organizations such as businesses, fraternities, and athletic clubs use symbols to invigorate their members with emotion that is not supposed to be acquired by the rest of society.

Mobile Knowledge Management: Systems and Policies

The terms knowledge and knowledge management are such broad topics that there have no common definitions. Knowledge is something that is believed and reliable, as distinguished from information which is a set of data   arranged in   meaningful patterns. Knowledge is information combined with experience, and reflection,   integrating thinking and feeling. Knowledge management refers to a set of practices to capture and disseminate know-how among organizations around the world (Denning, 1998) for reuse, learning and creating awareness across organizations (Wikipedia) . It is easier and faster to transfer information than knowledge from one individual to another.(Denning, 1998). Among the benefits of knowledge management practices are : increased ability to capture knowledge from outside organization and integrate knowledge from departments within the organization; improved skills and knowledge of workers; increased ability to adapt services to clients; define and provide new services to clients; improved worker efficiency and productivity; alleviated the impacts of worker departures (Pratt,   2006). Knowledge management particularly semantic web documents has been applied in integrating ecoinformatics resources and environmental data (Parr, et al., 2006). This was done using the tool ELVIS (Ecosystem Location Visualization and Information System) to construct food webs (Parr, et al., 2006). Other applications were in data warehousing of student data in higher education (Palmer, 2006) and knowledge management design team-based engineering (Reiner, 2006). The latter demonstrated the use of design history as a source of   insight for team design process. It proposed a modeling framework for collaborative and distributed knowledge management for design teams (Reiner, 2006) Advances in computer and information technologies have greatly enhanced knowledge management. Palmer (2006) employed e-mail and the web to get participants to access a questionnaire on improving data quality in a data warehousing   in a higher education setting . The use of metadata and end-user involvement were positively correlated with obtaining high-quality data in data warehousing. Today, mobility and transportability are the emerging as important considerations for sharing information and knowledge. With mobile phones and hand-held computers using wireless technologies, people are no longer tied down to work in a physical office with rigid working hours but can do things in the comfort of their homes or elsewhere in a virtual office. With the ease of sharing knowledge, abuses and infringement of intellectual properties were also made easier. Regulations within the organization and the national government in general are needed to safeguard the companies against these potential abuses. Policies are also needed for security and privacy and can   determine the success or failure of a web service (Bonatti, et al. 2006). Roman et al. (2006) proposed a   combined WSMO (Web Service Modeling Ontology) and WS-policy framework consisting of a set of specifications with heavy industrial backing. This framework combines a conceptual model (Web Service Modeling Ontology), a formal syntax and language (Web Service Modeling Language) and an execution environment (Web Service Execution Environment) (Roman et al., 2006). 2.   Complete Problem Statement and Goal The trend in knowledge management is headed towards the same direction as mobile entertainment. Entertainment equipment has gone down to the size of the i-pod and portability of the DVD complete with small screens and sound system. Although some of the features of the big system are conveniently packed into the miniature system, there will always be a trade-off between the capabilities of the big system and the portable small system. This proposed research will look at the plight of the small system, the size of the mobile phone or hand-held computers that rely on wireless technology. The goals are to optimize its use for the different knowledge management processes, and identify policies to safeguard its misuse especially the threat on knowledge security of the organization. The goals will be measured in terms of the number of process that the handheld devices can handle   compare with the host computer, number of times communications breakdown and their causes, frequency of security breakdown through the use of the mobile devices. Research question: â€Å"To what extent will mobile systems, the size of mobile phones and hand-held calculators, be utilized in knowledge management?† Hypotheses: Downsizing/outsourcing will be the trend in business which will require mobile systems for communication and knowledge management. Mobile systems will become more sophisticated and powerful to be able to perform tasks that are currently done by bigger systems. Security   systems of company knowledge (data) will evolve along with the development of mobile systems 3.   Relevance and significance More and more companies continue to invest in wireless e-mail, personal productivity applications, inventory management and sales automation. More than half   of 250 IT executives surveyed in October 2003 recognize the importance of wireless technologies in their organization’s overall goals and improve user satisfaction (Ware, 2004). Most common wireless devices include a combination of mobile phones (with or without web browsers/email), laptop computers with wireless modem   and PDA’s with wireless connectivity   and pocket PC’s (Ware, 2004). Among the different wireless applications that companies will continue to support in the future, email access tops the list followed by calendar/scheduling, web access, personal productivity (word processing, spreadsheets, presentation softwares), text messaging, real time inventory management, factory floor, transactions, global positioning system (GPS), human resources, finance/accounting, decision support, CRM, sales automation, wireless e-commerce, and procurement   (Ware, 2004). Overall 60% of those surveyed were positive that their wireless investment already paid for itself (Ware, 2004). The greatest benefits came from increased productivity, streamlined processes/greater efficiencies and improved user satisfaction (Ware, 2004). The challenges to wireless technologies are security, user support, privacy and budget restrictions (Ware, 2004). Downsizing can cut down the cost of doing knowledge management. Downsizing can be done through physical reduction in the size of the hardware (equipment), software that can be run on a hand-held computer or mobile phone set, or a networking system whereby the host computer does the data analysis and the final results downloadable to the mobile phones. Government and company policies are needed to safeguard against misuse, industrial espionage and other information security issues. 4.   Approach For Hypothesis No. 1: This will be a time series analysis, with years as independent variable, and numbers of companies undergoing downsizing/outsourcing and mobile devices as dependent variables. A survey will be done on the   internet and from published news reports such as CIO Reports regarding number of businesses which had undergone downsizing or outsourcing of their operations, during the past decade. This will be correlated with the number of mobile devices used by different companies during the same period. The time series plot of the data will show the trends in downsizing and/or outsourcing and number of mobile devices through the years. The years will be the independent variable while the number of companies and mobile devices will be the dependent variables. A correlation between the two dependent variables will be made. A significant positive correlation   and increasing trends in the graphs will support Hypothesis No.1. For Hypotheses No. 2 and 3: This study will identify two companies of different sizes (large and small in terms of facilities, number of staff, type and volume of business) that have a host computer, a local area network (either wired or WIFI) and broadband internet access, and staff who have their own or office-issued hand-held computers or mobile phones with wireless internet capabilities through the years. Questionnaires will be prepared and key management officers and office staff will be interviewed. Information to be gathered will include the company profile, the knowledge management system in place including softwares and consulting firms, knowledge management applications most frequently used, access security levels issued to different classes of office staff. The staff will be asked to enumerate the processes they could do or would want to do using their mobile units, from simple text messaging to internet browsing that help in the overall decision-making process in the company. The capabilities of their host computer will be tabulated side by side with the capabilities of their most common mobile device (brand, model, year acquired). Capabilities will be measured in terms of available memory and the number of tasks the device is capable of performing. This is again a time series data with year as independent variable and the number of features or tasks performed by the host computer and the mobile systems will be the dependent variables. If hypothesis no. 2 is correct we would expect an increasing number of tasks that can be performed by the mobile system. For hypothesis No. 3, the dependent variable will the frequency   of data security   breakdowns and the independent variable will the years the company has been in operation. Another indicator will be the number of regulations formulated to curb security problems (dependent variable) through the years. Company management will be asked regarding existing company policies, code of ethics, data security and standard operational procedures through the years from the time the company was established. They will be asked how frequent did they suffer breakdown in data security through their mobile devices through the years. They will also be asked to comment on the ideal design for their computer hardwares and softwares and features for the mobile equipment.   They will also be asked to comment of what kinds of government support and regulations are needed to curb piracy and infringement of their intellectual properties. This research will need the following resources: interviewers to interview at least three key company officers, two staff per office department (e.g. human resources, procurement, marketing, operations, etc.); a knowledge management or IT specialist to evaluate   knowledge management software system and how the ordinary staff can access to it using their mobile equipment. References: Bonatti, P.A., Ding, L., Finin, T. and Olmedilla, D. 2006. Proceedings of the 2nd International Semantic Web Policy Workshop (SWPW’06). 5th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC). Athens, Georgia, USA. Nov. 5, 2006. Denning, S. What is knowledge management? Background paper to the World Development Report 1998. from Palmer, H. 2006. A data warehouse methodology and model for student data in higher education. PhD dissertation. Nova Southeastern University. UMI Number 3218332. 202pp. Parr, C.S., Parafiynyk, A., Sachs, J., Pan, R., Han, L., Ding, L., Finin, T., Wang, D. 2006. Using the semantic web to integrate ecoinformatics resources. American Association for Artficial Intelligence (www.aaai.org). Reiner, K.A. 2006. A framework for knowledge capture and a study of development metrics in collaborative engineering design. PhD Dissertation. Stanford University. UMI Microform 3219361.   258 p. Roman, D., Kopecky, J., Toma, I. and Fensel, D. 2006. Aligning WSMO and WS-Policy. Proceedings of the 2nd International Semantic Web Policy Workshop (SWPW’06). 5th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC). Athens, Georgia, USA. Nov. 5, 2006. Ware, L.C. 2004. The payoff of wireless IT investments. C IO Research Reports. From Wikipedia. Knowledge management. From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_management

HDFS Exam 3 Study Guide Essay - 2646 Words

Chapter 15: Parenting in Divorced Families and Remarried Families Chapter Outline DIVORCED PARENTS †¢ Know three reasons men and women want a divorce o Communication problems o Not compatible o Unhappiness The Grief Process †¢ Know the seven bullet points of how Emergy suggests parents manage their own anger o Accepting all their feeling about the divorce, writing about them or talking to friends or a therapist about them o Not responding to partners’ provocations o Maintaining a neutral, business-like approach to solcing problems, speaking only briefly o Deciding to focus on the most important issues and letting unimportant issues go o Being pleasant and emotionally neutral with spouse or partner when in the presence of the†¦show more content†¦o Because they are becoming increasingly independent of the family, kate adolescents seem less affected than younger children. o Boys appear to suffer more difficulties at the time of the divorce, and girls appear to have more prblemsShow MoreRelatedHdfs 145 Syllabus4333 Words   |  18 PagesHDFS 145 - The Individual, Marriage, and the Family Fall Semester, 2012 Instructor: Mrs. Joy Jacobs, CFCS, MAEd (â€Å"Mrs. J.†) E-mail address: jacobsj@msu.edu Please always use â€Å"HDFS 145 on the subject line when you e-mail. Office hours: Mrs. J. will be in the classroom one half hour before and will stay after class until all students are gone, or you may make an appointment with her. Go to this website: https://ntweb11.ais.msu.edu/aas/ Because of advising responsibilities, she is not available forRead MoreFamily Interaction Processes: Study Guide784 Words   |  4 PagesHDFS 2300: Family Interaction Processes Study Guide Exam II Communication and Conflict (Lecture; A S Ch. 9; Day Ch. 10; Tannen Book; The Break-Up clips) †¢ Define communication - why is it important to focus upon the shared meanings aspect of the communication process? †¢ Know bolded terms from A S Ch. 9 †¢ What are three assumptions describing family communication? †¢ Define messages, digital messages (content level), analogic messages (relationship level), metamessages, framing, congruentRead MoreHDFS 145 Final Study Guide3433 Words   |  14 Pagesï » ¿HDFS 145 Final Exam Study Guide EXAM 1 Family Types Single-parent and step-families Usually headed by mothers 85% Divorced/likely she has never been married Two-provider families (patriarchy – father runs) Traditional family Married couple, (father/mother and children) Family of procreation Father works, mother stays at home Married/Cohabitation couples who both work Over 50% of mothers with children under one year work at least part-time US Census definition of marriage Two or more

Essay on Should the Drinking Age be Lowered - 957 Words

Although exceptions to every generality exist, alcohol is usually present in most gathering where adults are also in attendance. If one really examines the idea, alcohol is usually at every social event even if adults are not. At this point it would probably be important to know who actually is considered to be an adult. From country to country the answer varies but in the United States of America anyone of the age of eighteen is liable and treated just like adults of any age. Consequently, one could say that the previous statement is technically, in the majority of circumstances, incorrect in that when alcohol is around so are adults. When mentioned in such a way, nothing seems to be out of place except that in the United States the†¦show more content†¦Ruth C. Engs is an applied health science professor at the University of Indiana; he also believes in lowering the drinking age and thinks education is the best tool to prevent alcohol related tragedies (Scrivo). In â€Å" Drinking on Campus can Colleges get it Under Control† Engs says that current laws and regulations regarding alcohol are ineffective in controlling underage drinking and that one should look at other ethnic groups who do not give alcohol either a good or bad judgment as a potential way to lower alcohol related problems. Engs has faith that allowing adolescence of the age of eighteen to drink in restaurants, social events, and other controlled environments where supervision exists teaches these young consumers the proper and mature way to treat alcohol (Scrivo). Whenever something is tabooed it is undertaken and in this case it results in binge drinking. Binge drinking and other scenarios where there is alcohol consumption amongst minors frequently result in vomiting, violence, and in college campuses, students usually miss class (Scrivo). Most, if not all, agree that binge drinking is very serious and should be dealt with as it is the cause of many young deaths (Scrivo). Charl es A. Hurley the executive director of public affairs, National Safety Council believes this issue should be addressed so the true motives for binge drinking are explained which would help a great deal in keeping theShow MoreRelatedShould The Drinking Age Be Lowered?995 Words   |  4 Pages Should the legal drinking age be lowered to age 18? Recently people have been debating whether If the drinking age should be lowered to 18. Some people think 18 is a better age but others think it’s outrageous to lower the drinking age to 18. After much reading and observing, I myself think the drinking age should be kept at 21 years old,because young adults who drink while they re underage make poor decisions and majority of the young adults are in college lacking in classes. The legal drinkingRead MoreShould The Drinking Age Be Lowered?853 Words   |  4 Pagesactivities around their friends to feel like they are a part of the team. Many people often wonder if the court of law stepped in and changed the age of drinking would this help the case of underage drinking. This proposed law would lower the drinking age to make the teenagers less rebellious and allow them to feel more like adults. If the drinking age were to be lowered then teenagers would feel as if they didn’t have to drink every day because they wouldn’t have to wonder when this opportunity will happenRead MoreShould The Drinking Age Be Lowered?875 Words   |  4 Pages Should the Drinking Age Be Lowered? Should the legal drinking age be lowered to age 18? Recently people have been debating whether If the drinking age should be lowered to 18. Some people think 18 is a better age but others think it’s outrageous to lower the drinking age to 18. After much reading and observing, I myself think the drinking age should be kept at 21 years old,because young adults who drink while they re underage make poor decisions and majority of the young adults are in collegeRead MoreThe Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered1135 Words   |  5 Pages In today’s society, underage drinking is seen all around us. It is in TV shows, movies, schools, and even in our own communities. Although it may be understood as something we are not supposed to do, many of these shows do not depict the real issues that can come from drinking under age. While only 11% of the alcohol sold in America is consumed by those under the age of twenty-one, it is still a horrific, nationwide problem. Alc ohol is a drug that can make you do things you would neverRead MoreThe Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered1705 Words   |  7 Pagespassed The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 which enforces the legal drinking age and purchasing of alcohol in the United States to be twenty-one. Since then, the debated idea of whether or not the drinking age should be lowered to eighteen has been an ongoing topic for decades. Alcoholism affects many people in the United States but promoting it at such young age would not be such a great idea for the youths in today’s society.The drinking age should not be lowered due to the fact that itRead MoreShould The Drinking Age Be Lowered? Essay2027 Words   |  9 PagesShould The Drinking Age Be Lowered? One of the major problems today in United States society is the amount of people in college who are drinking while underage. Every day on college campuses we see rebellious young adults disobey the law and drink alcohol under the age of 21. How would things be different if the drinking age was lowered? Would college students abuse it or is it a good idea? Many people believe the drinking age should be kept where it is now based on statistics. I feel the drinkingRead MoreShould The Drinking Age Be Lowered?994 Words   |  4 PagesShould the Drinking Age Be Lowered? Approximately 2 out of every 3 high school students have drank to the point of getting intoxicated (binge drink), in more than one occasion (Centers for Disease and Control Prevention [CDC], n.d.). Binge drinking has become increasingly common for youth under the minimum legal drinking age, making it increasingly dangerous because of the lack of supervision that young adults have that can consequently, lead to death because of fear of the law (Bonnie O’ConnellRead MoreThe Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered1639 Words   |  7 PagesMost people would concur that alcohol should not be given to teenagers. Despite the fact that we concede to this essential truth, underage drinking is still a noteworthy issue in our nation. Since adolescents need development and information with regards to liquor, they put themselves, as well as others in incredible danger when they decide to consume. Regardless of the risk, there are individuals out there who believe that the drinking age should be lowered. However, their argument is weak, andRead MoreThe Drinking Age Should Be Lowered2353 Words   |  10 PagesDrinking Age Over the years the drinking age or the drinking laws have been questioned and changed many times. For a few years now more recently question being, should the drinking age be lowered to eighteen? Or why shouldn’t it? In the United States, binge drinking has been a big problem. Its one of the top causes for traffic tragedies as well as other health issues that come along with it, especially among college students. However since the drinking age has changed from being 18 to 21 thereRead MoreThe Drinking Age Should Be Lowered1599 Words   |  7 Pagesmany years is whether the drinking age should be lowered to eighteen years old, as opposed to where it is now, at twenty one. Some argue that at age eighteen, a person is legally an adult and able to go to war, vote, and partake in other adult activities. If they are an adult at this age, why are they unable to legally drink alcohol? There are numerous reasons why drinking is unsafe for those under twenty one. The drinking age is s et at age twenty one for a reason, and should stay that way. Some states

Thomas Jefferson Rhetorical Analysis - 1011 Words

My rhetorical analysis is about a free African-American almanac writer, naturalist, and farmer who fought against slavery and who earned the recognition of many high officials of the time, including Thomas Jefferson. As D.L. Chandler pointed out, Benjamin Banneker, wrote to Thomas Jefferson, on August 19, 1791, to condemn the practice of slavery in the United States. Banneker attempted to persuade Thomas Jefferson of his forbearance of slave practices and the fact that he owned slaves yet pronounced himself morally correct in society. (Chandler, 2017) By changing his choice of words and phrases and suggesting a call to attention using history and the Bible as reference, Banneker adopted a respectful yet critical respectability to move†¦show more content†¦In his letter, Banneker expresses a high respect for Thomas Jefferson by referring to him as â€Å"Sir† as he carefully words negative idea and feeling that came with our battle against Great Britain for our independ ence. Banneker then goes on to say that the soverenty remains in the US. He reminds Thomas Jefferson of the tyrannical reign the British Crown once had upon the colonists in order to compare slavery to British Imperialism. Immediately after referencing this event in history, Banneker followed up with an ardent description of his newfound freedom as a cause of inheriting his grandmother’s free status. Banneker’s sudden shift from a negative outlook on Americas past to a positive shift reveals his insinuation that freedom is a God send not only to the first colonists but also to the African Americans that were enslaved by them (Founders Online, 2017). Afterwards, Benjamin Banneker returns to a negative narrative, all the while still shows respect to Jefferson by referring to him as â€Å"Sir.† However, Banneker doesn’t choose to balance his assertions about slavery a second time. He states in his letter that he expects Jefferson to accept each opportunity to eliminate the â€Å"absurd† practice of slavery. In order to persuade him, Banneker builds on his argument by quoting Jefferson from the Declaration of Independence to reveal the differences between Jefferson’s electoral speeches about equal among men and his status as a slave owner. At this point in hisShow MoreRelatedClassical Rhetorical Analysis : Thomas Jefferson1202 Words   |  5 PagesOnline Lesson 3: Classical Rhetorical Analysis Thomas Jefferson Questions- 3.) The truths indicated by Thomas Jefferson are the ability to demonstrate certain rights without negotiation and that equality is entitled to all men. These rights specified by Jefferson are â€Å"†¦ Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness† (Jefferson 1) in addition to the establishment of the government, which is meant to secure the rights. However, if and whenever that government becomes corrupt, it is the right of the peopleRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Benjamin Bannekers Letter To Thomas Jefferson958 Words   |  4 Pagessavor. Thomas Jefferson was a United States Secretary of State and the former of the Declaration of Independence. He wrote words that have left a lasting impact in the Americas. Jefferson however did not follow by those words. In Bannekers letter to Thomas Jefferson he displays persuasive diction and fear tactics to convince Jefferson to help gain equality and freedom for those who are living unfairly in the United States. Banneker incorporates persuasive diction to influence Thomas JeffersonRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of The Declaration Of Independence.1343 Words   |  6 PagesRhetorical Analysis of the Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence is arguably the most important historical work of the pre-modern era. Because of this document, America was recognized for its brash, albeit just demands for independence from Britain. Aside from the obvious historical significance and precedence of the document, its composition was constructed in such a way that conveyed the determination of a new nation to be one in its own. Historical context and rhetoricalRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of The Declaration Of Independence1678 Words   |  7 Pagesthe colonies from Britain. The tone is clear and rational, yet it is evident that Jefferson is passionate about what he is saying. The speaker is Thomas Jefferson, who was Secretary of State for George Washington at the time, but went on to become the President of the United States. Look at the differences between the first and second drafts of the Declaration. Write up a summary of these changes and an analysis of how they make the final document more effective. (1 paragraph) The changes madeRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of the Declaration of Independence Essays1206 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Quang Thai Professor Allison English 101 2 September 2014 Rhetorical Analysis In the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson, one of the founding fathers of the United States, explains to his readers why the colonies chose to abolish Great Britain’s government. His goal is to inform the readers that the government has certain responsibilities to the governed and that the British failed to adhere to its responsibilities to its colonists. His second goal is to justify their actions by explainingRead MoreBenjamin Banneker Rhetorical Analysis1326 Words   |  6 PagesBanneker Analysis After the Revolutionary War, and while America was still trying to establish itself, it faced many problems in society, including the issue of race and slavery. There were many Americans who viewed blacks as inferior beings who should be confined to a life of slavery. Thomas Jefferson, the father of The Declaration of Independence, was one of those people. In 1791, Benjamin Banneker, a free and educated black man, responded to Jefferson’s work,c Notes on the State of Virginia, whichRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence Rhetorical Analysis1639 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Declaration of Independence† Rhetorical Analysis Essay Composed by Thomas Jefferson and the representatives in the general congress on the historic date of July 4th, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was an expeditious response to the many acts legalized by the British Parliament prohibiting the colonists’ freedom, and a dismissal of a partition to the King by the First Continental Congress. Not only did it oppose British acts of tyranny, but it was also an incentive for many other universalRead MoreThe Effects Of Imperialism In George Orwells Shooting An Elephant1633 Words   |  7 Pagesclaim and experiences are very relatable today because as long as there are fathers and mothers and families, there are going to be those that re-live the past and create memories that last their families a lifetime, or perhaps even longer.    Process Analysis: Joan Didion, On Keeping a Notebook   Ã‚  Ã‚   In the selection On Keeping a Notebook, Joan Didion uses her experiences in day to day life as a writer in order to demonstrate the importance/methods of keeping a daily notebook. Didion appeals to her audienceRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Letter from Birmingham Jail W/ Focus on Ethos1587 Words   |  7 PagesMLK Letter From Birmingham Jail Rhetorical Analysis- w/ focus on Ethos â€Å"...we are now confronted by a series of demonstrations by some of our Negro citizens, directed and led in part by outsiders†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In this quote, from the third paragraph of the letter written by eight Alabama clergymen, the term outsiders is used. Early on, this creates a label for Martin Luther King, outsider. Throughout his Letter From Birmingham Jail, King is able appeal to ethos in order to refute his title of â€Å"outsider†Read MoreRhetorical Analysis Of The Fundamental Principle Of A Republic1027 Words   |  5 PagesRhetorical Analysis of â€Å"The Fundamental Principle of a Republic† Ignorant women are not so ignorant after all. Women in the United States fought for over twenty years, from 1895 to 1915, for women’s suffrage. Women never gave up and showed their strength by overcoming any obstacle that tried to stop them from voting. Anna Howard Shaw was a one of the leaders of the women’s suffrage movement in the United States. On June 21, 1915 Shaw was the voice of the American woman and gave a speech to the men

PR Crisis Case Studies in Real Time Free Essays

Open any public relations textbook and the section on crisis management will include examples of how organisations have demonstrated â€Å"best† or â€Å"worst† practice. And, it’s not just the textbooks, as recent incidents (eg Tiger Woods or Toyota) have seen plenty of advice from PR â€Å"experts† through online and social media. But, just as with the dead tree versions, these case studies are simplistic fictions. We will write a custom essay sample on PR Crisis Case Studies in Real Time or any similar topic only for you Order Now Heroes and villains are the main narrative, with a modernist approach reinforcing a recommended crisis management strategy. There’s just one way to communicate during a crisis – regardless of the organisation, the situation, the social context or the significance of the incident. This is the Tylenol way – presented as the right approach thanks to the swift action taken by Johnson Johnson. The reality (as previously clarified at PR Conversations as a misleading myth) isn’t allowed to get in the way of the lesson. After all, it promotes a way that PR, and organisational management, can be in control and preserve reputation through a few simple steps. Every case study reinforces the mantra – Exxon Valdez is presented as the epitome of poor crisis management; too slow to respond. Likewise Coca Cola and the Belgium â€Å"mass hysteria† case. Whilst the Pepsi â€Å"needle in a can† crisis is hailed, Perrier’s benzene example is criticised. The nature of textbooks is that authors synthesise cases into easy to understand advice that students can repeat in assignments, and practitioners can recall if they ever find themselves handling a crisis. It’s a comfort blanket of how to†¦, what not to do†¦, common mistakes and miracle cures. In the social media world of 24:7 global connections, the right way is repeated – only at warp speed. Tell it fast becomes tell it before you know anything. Tell it all means let the media and its rent-a-quote experts speculate about worst case scenarios. Be open – means unlimited social media engagement (regardless of what the legal or other ramifications may be). Have the CEO (or celebrity if a personal faux pas has occurred) lead communications with mandatory appearances on chatshows, a tour of news stations, and a YouTube apology. Mea culpa – the universal panacea: â€Å"I’m sorry if†¦Ã¢â‚¬  – anyone resisting the calls is bullied until they comply. The pound of flesh must be paid. They have to apologise publicly even if what’s occurred is a matter of private relations or affects only a few people – who could be communicated with directly, where contrition would be far more sincere and genuine. Everyone is a critic – retweeting endlessly, without checking the veracity of any source. Citizen journalism enables individual examples to be retold and extrapolated, without any attempt at verification if used by journalists and treated as absolute fact by social media networks. Crisis case studies in real time seem little different to those that have been carefully crafted for retelling in the textbooks. There is little evidence of the public relations profession reflecting or considering how cases could be handled differently in a post-modernist, complex and chaotic world. A few authors, such as Dawn Gilpin and Priscilla Murphy (Crisis Communications in a Complex World), challenge the simplification of turbulent reality. Isn’t it time that their views were at least presented alongside the â€Å"only way† propaganda that is taught on PR courses and espoused in both academic and practitioner texts? And even more important – shouldn’t more of us be speaking out against those PR and media experts influencing public and client expectations with naive views based on an unrealistic belief that all crisis situations can be easily managed and controlled? Let’s have more real life PR case studies that actually reflect the real time nature of managing contemporary crises. And we all might learn something new. How to cite PR Crisis Case Studies in Real Time, Essay examples

Communication for Managers Behavioral Communication

Question: Describe about the Communication for Managers of Behavioral Communication. Answer: Introduction: Behavioral communication is defined as a psychological construct to influence individual differences in the expectation, requirements and thoughts for the substitutes for more direct and open communication. As stated by Burns (1995), the tendency of people is to express the feelings, requirements and thought for the indirect messages and impact of behavior. As per the case study Jean was an experienced employee of a large organization. Jean seems to be angry by the unethical behavior of the head of the department. 1. Three approaches: Submissive approach: The person avoids conflict and confrontation by avoiding the topic at hand (Manning et al., 2013). Jean- I do not like the biasness in the work environment Manager- your work load is adequate with the work stracture Jean- ok, thanks Aggressive approach: The person is heavy-handed and makes the personal attack for the issue (Schlenkrich Upfold, 2009). Jean- I am not being paid for what I am doing according to the work load Manager- we are paying you adequate money for the work Jean- Sorry sir, it is not possible for me. Either you have to increase the salary or you have to reduce the work pressure. Assertive approach: The person is clear, calm and prepared to repeat what she has to say (Limbare, 2012). Jean- respected sir, I am the experienced employee of your firm. I have provided excellent service in your organization. I have done each work which you have allocated for me. Therefore, may I expect salary increment and higher designation in your firm? Manager- we are monitoring your performance. If the performance will good, then ww will talk to the higher management. If possible, we will surely provide salary increment to you 2. Advantages and disadvantage of each approach: Submissive approach: Advantage: Jean has requested the management about the unethical behavior at the workplace. It is observed that she has an experience of 6 months, but the management has treated her as a new employee and allocated huge task pressure on her. As stated by Manning et al. (2013) the submissive approach has positively influence the quality of the messages in the organization. Disadvantage: It has been observed that such submissive approach does not influence psychological development and self-empowerment (Manning et al., 2013). Aggressive approach: Advantage: The aggressive approach helped Jean to raise their voice against any unethical discrimination. It has been observed that the in society the persons have played a partial, role in the overall communication process that can now be tracked and mapped in the persons brain (Manning et al., 2013). Disadvantage: The aggressive behavior of Jean may create violence in the workplace (Limbare 2012). Assertive approach: Advantage: The assertive approach may create a positive relation between Jean and the management. The employees have presented their issues to the management and influenced them through the active communication strategy. It has been observed that the person has suspended everydays consciousness then the persons can conduct their reading, writing, speaking and analytic judgment (Manning et al., 2013). Disadvantage: Good presentation skill and expression is required for the assertive approach. Sometimes the response of the employees does not activate the emotional feelings of the management. The psychologist has said that the intrapsychic task of paying attention increase the experience of the employees (Manning et al., 2013). 3. Benefits of these approaches: As stated by Schlenkrich and Upfold (2009), the social problems have been understood by the managers and guidelines have been provided accordingly. Jean has faced the discrimination at the work place. In this situation, employees usually take an aggressive approach or submissive approach. Either the employees have requested the higher authority or shouted against the injustice. As argued by Limbare (2012), the employees have influenced by trhe leaders and the leaders have focused on the requirements of the organization. The submissive approach works in the conversation between the general employees and the management. The aggressive approach has smaller benefits. It has improved the situation quickly but created workplace violence (Burns, 1995). Assertive approach has created a good communication between the manager or the supervisors and the higher managers. Conclusion: After facing the workplace issues due to the management decision, Jean has planned to discuss with the management. Jean may implement any one of the approaches from the three approaches. However, the Assertive approach would be more beneficial for her because she can express her opinion in front of the higher authority and convince the higher authority to resolve her issues. Reference list: Burns, G. (1995). The secrets of team facilitation.Training Development,49(6), 46-53. Manning, C. A., Waldman, M. R., Lindsey, W. E., Newberg, A. B., Cotter-Lockard, D. (2013). Personal Inner ValuesA Key to Effective Face-to-Face Business Communication.Journal of Executive Education,11(1), 3. Schlenkrich, L., Upfold, C. (2009). A guideline for virtual team managers: The key to effective social interaction and communication.Electronic Journal Information Systems Evaluation Volume,12(1), 89-118. Limbare, S. (2012). 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